I recently finished reading a pair of books on the Comanches that Pat had given me:
This was really fascinating material. The Comanches were a band that split off from the Shoshones. A less-than-promising group of nomadic hunter-gatherers, at most a few thousand people in the early 18th century, they rose to absolutely dominate the southern Great Plains. Much of the explanation for their rise was that they learned how to employ horses, skills initially learned from the Utes. Comanches became so adept at using horses that they were able to force the Apaches off the plains, no small feat. Horses had the obvious advantage of being able to move 3-4 times as much weight as the dogs they replaced, plus they could be ridden. Moreover, the horses that the plains Indians used were horses brought to the New World by the Spanish, breed that was genetically well suited to live on the shortgrass southern prairie. Moreover, dogs had to be fed meat, while horses could use the widely available grasslands. Horses allowed the Comanches to hunt buffalo much more effectively, permitting them to tap the energy resources of the buffalo herds, which got them past the energy bottleneck of nomadic life. And, since the Comanches were on the southern Great Plains, the winters were mild enough for good colt survival. The prominent tribes of the northern plains who went on to master horse-based life, like the Sioux, tended to be horse poor and were trading partners with the Comanches.
Having become adept at hunting from horseback, Comanches could quickly kill great numbers of bison. But the work of processing the meat and hides continued to take great amounts of time. This lead to the Comanche adoption of both polygamy and slavery. During the 18th and early 19th centuries, the Comanches held a massive advantage over their main colonial rival, New Spain. This was the same Spain that routed the Aztecs and the Incas, with their literate, hierarchical societies. Spain’s record when they ran into these pre-literate, nomadic (pretty much) barbarians was spotty at best.
When the US went into Mexico during the Mexican-American War, the US army took Comanches along as scouts. This war was quite one-sided, which some attributed to the strength of the US military, while others viewed as an indication of Mexican weakness. A fact that many observers overlooked was that the Comanches had been raiding in northern Mexico for decades, depopulating many areas and weakening others. The Comanches were, at times, so powerful that they rolled back the “frontier” by 100-150 miles.
It took a number of developments to finally dislodge the Comanche grip on the southern Great Plains, including:
- European diseases
- Technological changes in firearms
- Prolonged drought
- Changes in US Army tactics
- Destruction of the buffalo herds by market hunters
It is an historical quirk that northern tribes like the Sioux are lodged in the popular consciousness as the great warriors of the plains, rather than the Comanches.